Some people prefer to have one learning theory applied, but in reality all the different types of theory has their own place in education.
I did not attend the session on that particular day. Based on my understanding
about the session content is there are two types of learning foundation theories namely the directed and
objectivism constructivist.
objectivism constructivist.
In the directed constructivist, there are three people who formed the learning
theory.
Firstly, the behaviorist theory by:
A behaviourist theory is defined as behaviour that is reinforced which will continue while behaviour that is punished will die eventually. B.F Skinner’s approach to this theory is called as operant conditioning. Operant condtioning can be explained as the attempt to change behaviour through negative and positive reinforcement. By this method an individual can identify and adapt themselves between a particular behaviour and consequences. Positive reinforcement can be in the form of rewards,prizes or even praising due to the action of the individual that are desired. For example, a teacher told her students that she will allow them to go recess early if they are quite. This will make the students realise voluntarily to behave and they can go recess early. While negative reinforcement are in the form of punishment due to the undesired behaviour. For example if the students are noisy the teacher, will allow the students to go late for recess.(Learning-theories.com, 2017)
The information -processing theory by:
Atkinson and Shiffrin
The information-processing theory is an idea that human mind is like a computer. These theory states the mechanism of a computer function equally the same as it receives input then processes and finally delivers an output. The function of the input is the information gathered is stored,goes to the brain to process and give the final respond called output. These theory practices more on how a person learns in different ways that will still able them to retrieve information later on. There are three components in the model of the information theory called the sensory memory,short term memory and long term memory.
(Learning Theories, 2017)
This diagram explain how information processing model with input,process and output.
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https://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html
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The sensory organs detect information and transmits to the sensory memory. If the particular information is practiced it enters the short term memory. Next , the short term memory transfers information to the long-term memory only if it is practiced repeatedly and frequently. If it is not repeated the information gain may be forgotten.
(McLeod, S. A. ,2007)
The cognitive- behavioural theory by:
Robert Gagne
He analyse nine events of learning
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| http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/learning/id/nine_step_id.html |
1) gain attention
-to grab the learners attention we must teach them in a new method or situation
2) provide a learning objectives
- learners get to organise their mind on what they are going to learn
3) Stimulate recall of prior knowledge
- learners will use the two learning process
*retrieval process
* scaffolding
-this method allow learners to retrieve and reconstruct on what they have learned.
4) present the material
-try to present the material or information into sequence and chunk
5) provide guidance for learning
- learner need coaching that will encourage them to perform well.
6) elicit performance
- let the learner practice something new from a new behaviour,skills or knowledge
they gain.
7) provide feedback
-the teacher must give a specific explanation about their feedback to their students
8) assess performance
- teacher provides assessment to test the learners whether they have mastered the
session
9) enhance retention and transfer
- put the learner in different learning situation and review the lesson.
(Nwlink.com, 2017)
Secondly ,
The Objectivism Constructivist
The Social Activism Theory by:
John Dewey
He believed that the past and present theories should be applied for both
learner and educator to solve a problem. John Dewy also believed that a person should have experience by involving themselves in many activities. This theory, focuses more as an individual learner making changes in their learning process to adjust themselves in specific learning environment. Learners design and discover new knowledge through their past and present experiences. Moreover , he believed educators should have a full package of knowledge in order to educate the students better. He stated that in order for this theory to effective , a person must reflect on what they are doing to achieve better result (Anon, 2011)
The Social cognitive theory by:
Albert Bandura
This theory emphasis more on a person that gain knowledge from another person. For example, students observe how their teacher conduct an experiment and learn from it. This may enable the students to conduct the experiment they observed by the themselves with the minimal guidance from their teacher. Usually , a person learns from another people’s mistake. Bandura believes human make decision based on their behaviour and consequences linking to their relationships. However, an individual does not immediately follow a person’s action but they consider first whether it is the right decision to follow or not. The process is called mediational process whereby it occurs between the stimulus and the response.
This diagram below shows the mediational process
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| https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html |
In addition,he explained the human behaviour is linked to the nature and nurture system. Finally just because we have a bad experience it does not mean we have to show that behaviour (McLeod S. A., 2016)
The Scaffolding theory by:
Lev Vygotsky
He stated that he finds group work an effective way to learn skills and strategies. He finds that teacher should give the task to the students and let them figure themselves with the assistance needed. When the students are in their zone of proximal development they find solutions to complete the work, with the guidance of teachers it would ease them to complete the task
The diagram below shows the ZPD
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| https://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html |
Moreover ,Scaffolding is the same as cooperative learning. The words have the same meaning just different ways writing in the literature content. Another example of scaffolding is a student learning how to play badminton. She practises more often and learn different technique. During a particular week she had difficulty with her aim. Next the coach teaches her and now she is able to play by herself. A student is actually able to complete their task with the sufficient assistance of a teacher(McLeod, S. A. ,2012).
The child development theory by:
Jean Piaget
Piaget believes that a child’s mind is constructed due to the interaction with environment and people. Jean Piaget was not concerned how the children could solve the problems such as number and spelling but he is interested on how numbers and words develop. The main aim of his theory is to find ways a evaluate and think using hypotheses.
There are 4 stages of cognitive development as shown in the diagram below:
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| https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/piaget-stages/ |
Piaget need an active learner the succeed in his theory because they require problem solving skill such as mathematics. Mathematics is a subject that cannot be taught but discovered by an individual.
(McLeod S. A. ,2015)
The discovery learning theory by:
Jerome Bruner
Bruner believe that a person with an intelligent mind can retrieve information
form their brain to create a lot of new other possible ideas. He believes that the outcomes of this is affected by the previous culture in order to create new ideas at the same time. There is a need of interaction between human capabilities and technology. Moreover ,learning language is essential because the use of words
can be developed into concepts. Furthermore, Burner stated the purpose of
education is to help a child’s mind think and solve problems in different
situation. Finally he also believes an active learner created their own knowledge rather than borrowed.(McLeod S. A.,2008)
The multiple intelligence theories by:
Howard Gardner
He identified seven distinct of intelligence. According to Gardner we can know the world through language,mathematical analysis,an understanding of other individuals and ourselves. Next , an individual have different intelligence to solve a problem. Gardner also stated that these difference has caused challenges in an education system. The system assumes that every student can use the same materials to learn. However , Gardner believes that every student has a different method of learning (Tecweb.org, 1991)
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http://blog.visme.co/8-learning-styles/
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In session one i learned that the usage of technologies in studies is that it can accelerate the person’s development of becoming an effective and an engaged learner. Technology also can make a person become more of an independent learner. For example, if i need to revise i can access the Internet to learn instead of depending on teachers to provide me information. In my terms, as a future advance learner it is essential to master the skill to survive in a complex and high
technological world.
technological world.
In session two i find in my learning process i used B.F Skinner
learning theory because i am a person who likes reward. For example,
if the teacher have a discussion and he or she offer prizes
i would work hard on winning the prize
learning theory because i am a person who likes reward. For example,
if the teacher have a discussion and he or she offer prizes
i would work hard on winning the prize
Moreover, as a future educator i find the John Dewey theory
more effective
more effective
because he emphasises learning based on experience which is
carried out through curriculum activity.
For example, as an educator I can teach basic computer skills
and software programs in a separate subject called as computer class
for the students. In the class, the student at least have a basic knowledge of using computer and may use this skill to become an advance learner.
Thus, as an educator I can create projects based on technology tools
that will intellectually challenge the students by
providing a realistic view of the particular project.
Through this projects students will be able to improve their analysis
and problem solving skills.
Technologies also provide a diversity of materials that can be used in our
learning. A student may even express their understanding
through image, sound or text by using technology.
In addition, technology also changes the way an
educator teaches,offering more effective ways to reach
different type of learners. r. Moreover , as a future educator
I might be able to help different type of
learners with the skill I mastered and explore more ways
to learn with the help of technologies
references
carried out through curriculum activity.
For example, as an educator I can teach basic computer skills
and software programs in a separate subject called as computer class
for the students. In the class, the student at least have a basic knowledge of using computer and may use this skill to become an advance learner.
Thus, as an educator I can create projects based on technology tools
that will intellectually challenge the students by
providing a realistic view of the particular project.
Through this projects students will be able to improve their analysis
and problem solving skills.
Technologies also provide a diversity of materials that can be used in our
learning. A student may even express their understanding
through image, sound or text by using technology.
In addition, technology also changes the way an
educator teaches,offering more effective ways to reach
different type of learners. r. Moreover , as a future educator
I might be able to help different type of
learners with the skill I mastered and explore more ways
to learn with the help of technologies
references
Anon, (2011). Available at:
https://allisonyager.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/learning_theories2-1.pdf
Learning-theories.com. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. Available at: https://www.learning-theories.com/operant-conditioning-skinner.html
Learning Theories. (2017). Information Processing Theory - Learning Theories. Available at: https://www.learning-theories.com/information-processing-theory.html
McLeod, S. A. (2016). Bandura - Social Learning Theory.
Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html
McLeod, S. A. (2008). Bruner. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/bruner.html
McLeod, S. A. (2015). Jean Piaget. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
McLeod, S. A. (2007). Multi Store Model of Memory - Atkinson
and Shiffrin, 1968. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html
McLeod, S. A. (2012). Zone of Proximal Development. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html
Nwlink.com. (2017). Robert Gagné's Nine Steps of Instruction.
Available at:
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/learning/id/nine_step_id.html
Simplypsychology.org. (2016). Atkinson and Shiffrin | Multi Store Model
of Memory | Simply Psychology. Available at:
https://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html
Tecweb.org. (1991). Gardner's Multiple Intelligences. Available at:
http://www.tecweb.org/styles/gardner.html
Www2.rgu.ac.uk. (2017). How students learn: what learning
involves. Available at:
http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/celt/pgcerttlt/how/how4a.htm .
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